EMBA 560 Executive position week 3 journal 3 Essay

EMBA 560 Executive position week 3 journal 3 - Essay Example When my hopes have been pinned on the outcome of an event that does not turn out as I had expected, I turn to self-denial and refuse to give up my original position. I hope against hope that things will eventually turn out how I expected them to, only for those hopes to be dashed by the throw of the dice. When my expectations go unfulfilled, it takes some time – in fact, a lot of time – for me to overcome my disbelief and extreme disappointment. Sometimes I take it as a personal affront that luck did not turn may way; there are just some changes that are too difficult to accept. I also give myself a thumbs down, though to a lesser degree, to behaviours 1 (separating strategy from tactics) and 3 (feeling threatened by obstacles rather than challenged). (2) I deserve a thumbs sideways in my ability to â€Å"see patterns and make logical connections or resolve contradictions and anticipate their consequences.† There are times when these happen and I am able to respond in an appropriate and timely manner, in which case I give myself a nice on the back and say job well done. There are also times when I completely miss the boat, and depending on my personal emotional investment in the occurrence, I either: act in the manner I described in attribute (1) above in the important matters and for which I gave myself a thumbs down; or merely shrug my shoulders and say, better luck next time, if the issue was not that important. I give myself thumbs sideways to all the other behaviours not classified as thumbs-up or thumbs-down for me. (3) I can give myself a resounding thumbs-up for being able to â€Å"prioritize seemingly conflicting goals†¦to zero in on the critical few and put aside the trivial many when allocating time and resources.† I pride myself in quickly identifying what is important and devoting for the moment my full attention and abilities on the quick resolution of the most important task at hand. I figure out it is best to get those

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper - 1

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example Her lover Reverend Dimmesdale whom she had chosen to protect later confessed at the gallows where Hester was punished earlier and dies. Chillingworth, who was Hesters husband, also dies leaving Hester and pearl alone. After several years, Hester died and buried near Dimmesdales’s grave; they shared the gravestone with writings â€Å""On a field, sable. The letter A, gules" (Hawthorne). In Chapter one, the prison door is symbolic, it is introduced in this chapter, and it is used when a crowd of people was standing outside the prison. It is built with heavy oak and is studded with iron spikes. There is a rose bush that grows near the same prison door; this shows how nature is kind despite being criminal it is said to provide â€Å"sweet moral blossom† (Hawthorne). The character Hester Prynne is introduced in chapter two. Sin, social order, and knowledge are clearly shown. The writer uses the symbol to depict sin, and that sinner must be punished in public according to puritan customs and belief. Hester’s punishment was to be an example to other people who were planning to commit adultery. However, only the woman was punished, and the man left, the women did not seek to pity, Hester instead they condemned her as a sinner, an adulterer. They saw her as a great sinner, they never imagined they being sinners. Hester fights it by accepting the condemnation for the need for love after his husband going along with the possibility of being dead. The perfect embroidery of the â€Å"A† letter on her dress was a sign of acceptance the women saw it as Hester was proud of the sin she had committed. She accepted the reality rather than resisting since her child was the fruit of the act. Resisting it was like opposing her child, Pearl. Hester from the beginning was different from other women she was said to be beautiful, tall and radiates natural dignity, unlike other women. The third Chapter introduces Hester punishment as an act against humanity; the puritan order makes

Effects of Japans Ageing Population on Business

Effects of Japans Ageing Population on Business Introduction Many nations in the world have faced with many problems of their population growth. However, the dominant factor in the next society might expose these problems in more details, which most people might begin to pay attention deeper on these problems such as the rapid growth in the amount of older population and the rapid shrinking of the younger generation, with the threats of demographic development such as welfare effects, social conflicts and reducing workforce, etc. Therefore, the government in each nation should have more considerations on these problems before it is growing to be the unsolved problems. Recently, this phenomenon is spreading its effect to many nations in this globe. Specifically in Japan, there are many researches and figures which can be clearly shown that Japan are staying at the highest position of the middle ages average and also leading in the decline of population growth. This scale of the problem in Japan is unprecedented for the world. Therefore, Japan could be an example for many nations that are facing the same crisis which could learn how to handle or find out any solutions or policies to cope with this problem. In one effect, this change created many problems in Japan such as the declination of workforce, extra welfare burden and the lack of opportunities and chances for new generation. It is also includes the issue integration of young and old people in workplaces. Nevertheless, aging population has not had only drawbacks. On the other hand, it is the opportunities for many companies to invent any innovations which suit with middle aged and old age groups. This essay consists of three sections. The first section will focus on two topics which comprised by increasing life expectancy and declining population in Japan. The second section of the essay will examine on shrinking population of working age and Japans health care service industry. The final section of the essay will present the opportunities opened up for business by population aging such as how to develop products, design, innovation and services for silver market customer that suitable for the elderly target groups. Part I: Demographic changes and economic growth in Japan To comprehend the demographic component that caused population aging that would be refer to stable populations. According to the graph that presents age-specific fertility and the figure of mortality rates remain stable over time, from this conclusion in a number of contribute to population aging that remain constant and eventually becomes time instant as well. The report shows that in a global context, Japans ageing is remarkable for its pace. The country took only 24 years to transform from the elderly society, where the older population accounted for 7% from the total population to the elderly society, where it doubled of the share, according to UN definitions. Source: World population prospects, 2008 Revision, United Nations. ( http://www.gereports.com/healthymagination-studies-japans-aging-population/) The abstract foundation of a decreased form models applied in econometric studies are: (1) saving and investment in the life cycle model (2) age-specific modification in labour productivity. The reason why this theoretical is that important to focus on is peoples economic needs modulate at different the way of life and peoples behavior, the effect of economic performance that effects in a countrys age structure has been changed. By contrast, most of young people demand investment in education and health, adults contribute labour and savings, and the aged demand retirement income and health care. (Kohlbacher, Herstatt, 2008) Life expectancy Some people said that the experience of happiness could be changed in case of getting older. According to a research from 80 countries over the world shows a notably in a same pattern. Happiness is looks like a U-shaped curve, many people are happiest from the beginning until end of their lives. Most people reach at the bottom at age 44. At the lowest point of the graph, they will be stuck in this point until age 50 as long as their healthy, the level of their happiness will increase and the risk of depression will decline. This pattern is still the same even in rich or poor persons. (Moynagh and Worseley) Furthermore, those people who born between 1925 to 1945 will count in the ranks of the extreme older age. This group has faced difficult improvements in their life expectancy over the past 40 years than earlier generations. However, the propellant of longer life will increase in the elderly following by changes in lifestyle such as less smoking, advances in medicine such as the use of antibiotics, environmental improvement such as living in the place that have less pollution and healthier diets such as eat more fibre. Declining population in Japan Japan is one of the most recently a rapid growing of aging country but low birth rate. In 2005, over the next several decades, the figure of people who aged over 64 will increase rapidly whereas the possibility of actual population has been declined. In Germany and Japan that facing the fertility rates that are far under the replacement rate wanted to maintain a steady population. Nowadays the number of birth rate in Japan and German y are approximately 2.1 children per woman. Assuming of authentic projections, which is the figure of fertility rate might be slowly revert to the replacement proportion in Japan. By contrast this figure could be remaining nearly to the recent level (1.4) in Germany. In fact, Assuming of German forecasts are durable but still declining of the immigration, which is approximately 2 immigrants per 1,000 residents within an annual, compared with 5.6 earlier from this decade. In Japan, the immigration is assumed to be negligible compared with Germany. (http://www.brookings.edu/articles/1997/summer_saving_bosworth.aspx) Part II: Effect of population aging on the countrys economy According to the increasing number of Japans population aging that have many effects on their country such as decreasing of working age as the quantity of retirement has risen rapidly and one more reason that effect on this country is the quality of Japans health care service industry which is very important section for the elderly due to an increasing demand of the elderly therefore health care services will be necessary to prepare their equipments and services to deal with the rising number of older people from now on. Shrinking population of working age As Japan has explored, when a large amount of the population who is in a sector of retirement-planning years (34 percent are aged 40-64 versus 27 percent in the U.S.) the figure of saving rates can increase to levels that lower economic growth and consumption. In a situation known as Ricardian equivalence when budget deficits have fueled an increasing concern about Japans economic in the future, these caused ageing workforce due to respond to prepare their saving. Never the less, most of countries, the numbers of retirement are probably to have an opposite effect. One OECD analysis found that in the industrial, the figure of saving rates world might be decreased approximately eight percent of GDP during the late 2020s. Especially in Japan, where the number of retirees depends on their personal savings to finance in their old age and these has also caused all companies that have to train new employees due to the increasing of retirement of aging people so far. (http://www.globalaging.org/health/world/depopulationeuropejapan.htm) Japans health care service industry This is the most pledge industry of the health care service industry because of a constantly growing customer base and many factors that followed by requiring among the elder people in health care services. Normally, the consumption on health care services of elder people who aged 70 and above are around three times those compared with their age average. Even if this effect on the aid from the health insurance plans, it is evident that the possible demand of elder people for health care services should rise with rising number of the elderly. Furthermore, same as other quality services, the income flexibility of health care services is usually higher than to live together in unity. This means that most of elder people are willing to pay without considering for the quality further than quantity of the services. According to the statement, the health care service industry should produce only the good value services that most of people are willing to pay. On the other hand, the government with fewer considerations and fewer responses for the difference of the quality services legislated to fix the price for the health care services. This frequently according to ineffective resource allocations, incorporating the creation in black markets. Eventually, the condition of health care services is extremely arranged by two layers of arrangements. The first one is the arrangement on clinics and hospitals. The qualification of medical services staffs, nurses and doctors. Another condition is a process to apply to the health care services of the public health insurance. These conditions were primordially set for patients profits. However, sector fact are commonly used in subsist poor health care supplier for the protection. Consequently, they actually obviate in supply increased of capable health care services encounting with the potential require. If the conditions were removed, all of the health care services can be mushrooming substantially. Part III, Opportunities opened up for business by population aging Among of the problems that many nations have faced to including in Japan whereas there still have the opportunities for certain business to prevent many products, design, innovation and improve their services including the way to manage business to handle with changing consumer values and lifestyle of the elderly. Developing products, design, innovation and services for silver market customer According to the aging of industrialized, led by Japan, demand of the facilities of elderly people to help them manage everything in their life easier than common life. For this reasons, many companies in Japan are trying to find the methods, ideas and helpful facilities to create a new product for providing attractive and helpful solutions dealing with elderly people to very old consumers. This is a great chance for companies, commerce, manufacturers and service providers to develop their products for these aging groups. Until now, the figure of the elderly people are remain rising share in the total population, also a rise in life expectancy, products and services have been considered and researched so far for old age to support them lead their lives easier as an independent. These problems have become important hardly contain any attention for a long time in the past and the elderly users rejected the common friendly solution because these solutions clearly created from the technology of handicapped and rehabilitation. Thus, developing the new innovative products should be covered for all age in a concept design for all however, all products should be thoroughly considered on safety and comfort especially for elderly age. From the idea as above, the new research project Sentha has prevented. Sentha is stand for Everyday Technology for Senior Households and it also start establishing to develop new product concepts and new approaches. With the mission for the research, contributory observation for Sentha achieved quite fundamental importance. The advantage of Contributory observation has been sensitive including habitual, unreflective and everyday action. There is no accident that contributory observation which is regarded as the royal road area research due to the linguistic-interrogative methods such as interviews and group discussions which cannot be explored by a position to train ones sights on things. Contributory observation is thus, different from an interview, sensitive and usable equipment for researching everyday life. Hand movement and motions that can go on in a completely routine manner, especially it can be a point of departure for ones work. This can be a trick from spending life of an elderly people. For instance, a screwed-in light bulb as a darning mushroom which is illuminated from within for elderly age who cannot see well in dim light. These are some hi-tech products and services in Japan that they created for the elderly which is dominated by nursing care, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. Intelligent toilets In many Japanese hotels, the healthiness of defecations can be showed by this machine, variety of heat functions are set at the seat to push up elderly people in order to help them getting off the toilet easier. Now, with a co-operation of two large companies Toto and Daiwa house installed toilets for pensioners which is a concept for this mergence. These toilets are installed medical sugars that can measure blood pressure, body fat and blood sugar rates of the user. Including a built-in internet device that can email any healthy information directly to the doctor to ensure their health. Cars Carmakers have created intelligent cars with dashboards that have large numbers and letters to let the driver especially the elderly people see the dashboards easily. Moreover, this car is including accelerator and hand controls for the brake, and swiveling seats to make it easier when the driver want to get in and out. Robot pets It quite difficult to the elderly who want to have a pet therefore this is a high technology to create a robot pet that seems like a real pet which can be responded the owners with opening and closing its eyes and it also moving its tail as well. Furthermore, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research in Japan has developed the robots which is working as a nurse that can help and lift the elderly up and help them out of bed. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2010/mar/20/japan-ageing-population-technology) Changing consumer values and lifestyle Japans recent dynamic social environment, merged with economic globalization the development of information technology, mostly influences the diversification of people with their values and lifestyles. To be more precise, people become more liberal toward different ways of thinking therefore not only the internet and communication technology that infiltrate on peoples lifestyle and values but also the way that their communication styles and personal relations as well. The important factors that affect in changing consumer values and lifestyles are the spread of epidemic. For instance, tainted food and avian flu and also disasters from other natural that cause greater concern for security and disease prevention. This enhanced concern encourages consumer for safe, healthy food also in other health-related goods. However, it would be difficult to analyze or specific factors to influence them to change their habits. These are mechanism of change in and diversification of values in Japan: awareness of health ,safety and prevention, will to learn, value seeking, generosity in differences, view of family and marriage (Kohlbacher, Herstatt, 2008) Marketing for the silver market The demand of the older customers is very necessary in a market of retailing trade due to the possible of the best-agers is quite underestimated. This is varied target group, including the elderly who age over 50 years with the difference of socio-demographic characteristics, leisure time activities, value orientations and consumer preferences. In fact, these can be considered that, negligence of the specific interests and consumption habits of the elderly, in common they share the basic needs to provide themselves by retail shopping as long as they are able to do these activities. The report in German, the amount of the spending power of aging people is also attractive. Aging people between 50-59 years old spent approximately 24000 euro in the retail trade whereas those aged over 60 had 20000 euro in each year to spend. However, the implication of the demographic on retail trade affects the decision on the location of commercial establishments. Demanding of the elderly groups regard ing comfort and convenience when they need shopping coincide with the target groups of younger people. Purchase outlets should be accessible includes the design of products that can make the consumer feel satisfied. (Kohlbacher, Herstatt, 2008) Conclusion

An Image of Truth :: Essays Papers

An Image of Truth Plato teaches that reality is to be found in universal â€Å"forms.† Images of objects are therefore pale imitations of reality: that is, at least twice removed from the truth. Nevertheless, Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice suggests that the image of a person can offer true insights that the actual person might not. In her very first meeting with Mr. Darcy, Elizabeth is left â€Å"with no very cordial feelings towards him† and after spending â€Å"four days in the same house with him† she still â€Å"think[s] him very disagreeable† (9, 53).1 Even after Mr. Darcy has directly and blatantly declared his love for Elizabeth she cannot consider him favorably and exclaims â€Å"I have never desired your good opinion† (125). Just to walk with him in the park â€Å"seem[s] like willful ill‑nature or a voluntary penance† (120). However, Elizabeth’s feelings for Darcy change after she views the portrait of him at Pemberley. She d evelops a â€Å"more gentle sensation toward the original† after seeing the painting and may even consider Darcy’s â€Å"regard with a deeper sentiment of gratitude than it had ever raised before† (162). Elizabeth needs the indirect image of Darcy in this portrait to view the man himself more accurately than she can when she faces him in person. The painting offers her time to contemplate Darcy’s true character. Furthermore, the frozen image creates a distance from which Elizabeth may consider Darcy without the interference of her intense emotions. When Elizabeth is face to face with Darcy, she must engage him in conversation, but when she examines the portrait, she does not have to speak: she can look at the painting for â€Å"several moments†¦in earnest contemplation† and even â€Å"return to it again† before leaving (162). Socially, great importance is placed on witty dialogue and polite conversation. At the first ball, the newly arrived Mr. Darcy is criticized for his reserve; rather than extend himself to form new acquaintances, he speaks only â€Å"occasionally to [a lady] of his own party† (8). Yet by refraining from conventional conversation, Mr. Darcy is able to form sound opinions. When he â€Å"wish[es] to know more of [Elizabeth]† he first â€Å"attend[s] to her conversations with others† before directly engaging her in dialogue (17). He even advises Elizabeth to take her time in getting to know him, urging â€Å"I could wish, Miss Bennet, that you were not to sketch my character at the present moment†¦the performance would reflect no credit on either.

Additional Solved Sums, Financial Management, Prassanna Chandra

CHAPTER 2 1. As a rule of thumb, real rates of interest are calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal rate. What is the error from using this rule of thumb for calculating real rates of return in the following cases? Nominal rate (%)7121822 Inflation rate (%)4 6 810 Solution: [pic] 2. As a rule of thumb, real rates of interest are calculated by subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal rate. What is the error from using this rule of thumb for calculating real rates of return in the following cases? Nominal rate (%)481119 Inflation rate (%)13 2 4 Solution: [pic] CHAPTER 3 1. At the end of March, 20X6 the balances in the various accounts of Dhoni & Company are as follows: Rs. in million Accounts Balance Equity capital 120 Preference capital 30 Fixed assets (net) 217 Reserves and surplus 200 Cash and bank 35 Debentures (secured) 100 Marketable securities 18 Term loans (secured) 90 Receivables 200 Short-term bank borrowing (unsecured) 70 Inventories210 Trade creditors 60 Provisions 20 Pre-paid expenses 10 Required: Prepare the balance sheet of Dhoni & Company as per the format specified by the Companies Act. Solution: Balance Sheet of Dhoni & Company As on March 31, 20 X 6 Liabilities | |Assets | | |Share capital | |Fixed assets |   | |Equity |120 |Net fixed assets |217 | |Preference |30 | |   | |Reserve & surplus |200 |Investments |   | |   | |Marketable securities |18 | |Secured loans | |Current assets, loans & advances |   | |Debentures |100 | |   | |Term loans |90 | | | |   | |Pre-paid expenses |10 | |Unsecured loans | |Inventories |21 0 | |Short term ank borrowing |70 |Receivables |200 | |Current liabilities & provisions | |Cash & Bank |35 | |Trade creditors |60 | |   | |Provisions |20 | |   | |   |690 |   |690 | 2. At the end of March, 20X7 the balances in the various accounts of Sania Limited are as follows: Rs. in million Accounts Balance Equity capital 250 Preference capital 80 Fixed assets (net)380 Reserves and surplus350 Cash and bank100 Debentures (secured)190 Marketable securities 30 Term loans (secured)120 Receivables420 Short-term bank borrowing (unsecured) 110 Inventories310 Trade creditors 90 Provisions 70 Pre-paid expenses 20 Required: Prepare the balance sheet of Sania Limited as per the format specified by the Companies Act. Solution: Balance Sheet of Sania Limited as on March 31, 20 X 7 Liabilities | |Assets | | |   | | |   | |Share capital | |Fixed assets |   | |Equity |250 |Net fixed assets |380 | |Preference |80 | |   | |Reserve & surplus |350 |Investments |   | |   | |M arketable securities |30 | |Secured loans | |Current assets, loans & advances |   | |Debentures |190 | |   | |Term loans |120 | | | |   | |Pre-paid expenses |20 | |Unsecured loans | |Inventories |310 | |Short term bank borrowing |110 |Receivables |420 | |Current liabilities & provisions | |Cash & Bank |100 | |Trade creditors |90 | |   | |Provisions |70 | |   | |   |1260 |   |1260 | 3. The comparative balance sheets of Evergreen Company are given below: (Rs. in million) Owners' Equity and Liabilities As on 31. 3. 20X6 As on 31. 3. 20X7 Share capital 70 70 Reserves and surplus 40 80 Long-term debt 80 90 Short-term bank borrowings 80 85 Trade creditors 40 70 Provisions 10 20 Total320415 Assets Fixed assets (net)120210 Inventories 90 95 Debtors 60 65 Cash 25 30 Other assets 25 15 Total320415 The profit and loss account of Evergreen Company for the year ending 31st March 2007 is given below: (Rs. in million) Profit & Loss Account for the Period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 Net sales750 Cost of goods sold 505 Stocks290 Wages and salaries105 Other manufacturing expenses110 245 Gross profit Operating expenses135 Selling, administration and general120 Depreciation 15 Operating profit110 Non-operating surplus or deficit(20) EBIT 90 Interest 25 Profit before tax 65 Tax 15 Profit after tax 50 Dividends 10 Retained earnings 40 Required: (a) Prepare the classified cash flow statement for the period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 b) Develop the cash flow identity for the period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 Solution: |A. Cash flow from operating activities | | |- |Net profit before tax and extraordinary items | |85 | | |- |Adjustments for | | | | | |Interest paid | |25 | | | |Depreciation | |15 | | |- |Operating profit before working capital changes |125 | | |- |Adjustments for | | | | | |Inventories | |(5) | | | |Debtors | |(5) | | | |Trade creditors | |30 | | | |Provisions | |10 | | | |Increase in other assets | |10 | | |- |Cash generated rom operations | |165 | | | |Income tax paid | |(15) | | |- |Cash flow before extraordinary items | |150 | | | |Extraordinary item | |(20) | | |- |Net cash flow from operating activities | |130 | |B. |Cash flow from investing activities | | | | |- |Purchase of fixed assets | |(105) | | |- |Net cash flow from investing activities | |(105) | | | | | | | |C. Cash flow from financing activities | | | | |- |Increase in loans | |15 | | |- |Dividends paid | |(10) | | |- Interest paid | |(25) | | |Net cash flow from financing activities | |(20) | | | | | | | |D. |Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | |5 | | |- |Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 0X6 |25 | | |- |Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 20Ãâ€"7 | |30 | NoteIt has been assumed that â€Å"other assets† represent â€Å"other current assets†. (b) A. Cash flow from assets -Operating cash flow90 -Net capital spending (105) -Decrease in net working capital35 -Cash flow from assets20 B. Cash flow to creditors -Interest paid25 -Repayment of long term debt (15) -Cash flow to creditors10 C. Cash flow to shareholders -Dividends paid10 -Net new equity raised 0 -Cash flow to shareholders10 We find that (A)=(B) + ( C) i. e. Cash flow from assets=Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to shareholders 4. The comparative balance sheets of Xavier Limited are given below: (Rs. in million) Owners' Equity and Liabilities As on 31. 3. 20X6 As on 31. 3. 20X7 Share capital 20 30 Reserves and surplus 10 18 Long-term debt 30 25 Short-term bank borrowings 15 15 Trade creditors 10 15 Provisions 5 8 Total 90 111 Assets Fixed assets (net) 16 20 Inventories 44 55 Debtors 20 21 Cash 5 8 Other assets 5 7 Total 90 111 The profit and loss account of Xavier Limited for the year 2007 is given below: (Rs. in million) Profit & Loss Account for the Period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 Net sales220 Cost of goods sold 140 Stocks 90 Wages and salaries 35 Other manufacturing expenses 15 80 Gross profit Operating expenses 40 Selling, administration and general 20 Depreciation 5 Operating profit 15 Non-operating surplus or deficit 1 EBIT 16 Interest 4 Profit before tax 12 Tax 2 Profit after tax 10 Dividends 2 Retained earnings 8 Required: (a) Prepare the classified cash flow statement for the period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 b) Develop the cash flow identity for the period 1. 4. 20X6 to 31. 3. 20X7 Solution: |A. Cash flow from operating activities | | | | |- |Net profit before tax and extraordinary items | |11 | | |- |Adjustments for | | | | | |Interest paid | | 4 | | | |Depreciation | | 5 | | |- |Operating profit before working capital changes | 20 | | | | Adjustments for | | | | |- | | | | | | |Inventories | |(11) | | | |Debtors | | (1) | | | |Trade creditors | | 5 | | | |Provisions | | 3 | | | |Increase in other assets | | (2) | | |- |Cash generated from operations | | 14 | | | |Income tax paid | | (2) | | |- |Cash flow before extraordinary items | | 12 | | | |Extraordinary item | | 1 | | |- |Net cash flow from operating activities | | 13 | |B. |Cash flow from investing activities | | | | |- |Purchase of fixed assets | | (9) | | |- |Net cash flow from investing activities | | (9) | | | | | | | |C. Cash flow from financing activities | | 10 | | |- Increase in equity | | | | |- |Repayment of term loans | | (5) | | | |-Dividend paid | |(2) | | |- |Interest paid | | (4) | | |Net cash flow from financing activities | | (1) | | | | | | | |D. |Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | | 3 | | |- |Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 20X6 | 5 | | |- |Cash and cash equivalents as on 31. 03. 20Ãâ€"7 | | 8 | NoteIt has been assumed that â€Å"other assets† represent â€Å"other current assets†. (b) ACash flow from assets -Operating cash flow19 -Net capital spending(9) -Decrease in net working capital(9) Cash flow from assets 1 B. Cash flo w to creditors -Interest paid 4 -Repayment of long term debt 5 -Cash flow to creditors 9 C. Cash flow to shareholders -Dividends paid 2 -Net new equity raised(10) -Cash flow to shareholders (8) We find that (A)=(B) + ( C) i. e. , Cash flow from assets=Cash flow to creditors + Cash flow to shareholders CHAPTER 4 1. Premier Company's net profit margin is 8 percent, total assets turnover ratio is 2. 5 times, debt to total assets ratio is 0. 6. What is the return on equity for Premier? Solution: Net profit Return on equity = Equity = Net profit Net sales Total assets x x Net sales Total assets Equity 1 = 0. 08 x 2. 5 x = 0. 5 or 50 per cent 0. 4 Debt Equity Note : = 0. 6 So = 1- 0. 6 = 0. 4 Total assets Total assets Hence Total assets/Equity = 1/0. 4 2. The following information is given for Alpha Corporation Sales3500 Current ratio1. 5 Acid test ratio1. 2 Current liabilities1000 What is the inventory turnover ratio? Solution: Current assets = Current liabilities x 1. 5 = 1000 x 1. 5 = 1500 Quick assets= Current liabilities x 1. 2 = 1000 x 1. 2 = 1200 Inventories= 300 3500 Inventory turnover ratio == 11. 7 300 3. The following information is given for Beta Corporation. Sales5000 Current ratio1. 4 Inventory turnover5 ratio Acid test ratio1. 0 What is the level of current liabilities? Solution: 4. Safari Inc. has profit before tax of Rs. 90 million. If the company's times interest covered ratio is 4, what is the total interest charge? Solution: PBT= Rs. 90 million PBIT Times interest covered = = 4 Interest So PBIT = 4 x Interest PBT = PBIT – interest = 4x interest- interest = 3 x interest = 90 million Therefore interest = 90/3 = Rs. 30 million 5. A has profit before tax of Rs. 0 million. If its times interest covered ratio is 6, what is the total interest charge? Solution: PBT= Rs. 40 million PBIT Times interest covered = = 6 Interest So PBIT = 6 x Interest PBIT – Interest = PBT = Rs. 40 million 6 x Interest – Interest = Rs. 40 million 5 x Interest = Rs. 40 million Hence Interest = Rs. 8 million 6. McGill Inc. h as profit before tax of Rs. 63 million. If the company's times interest covered ratio is 8, what is the total interest charge? Solution: PBT= Rs. 63 million PBIT Times interest covered = = 8 Interest So PBIT = 8 x Interest PBIT – Interest = PBT = Rs. 63 million x Interest – Interest = 7 x Interest = Rs. 63 million Hence Interest = Rs. 9 million 7. The following data applies to a firm : Interest chargesRs. 200,000 SalesRs. 6,000,000 Tax rate40 percent Net profit margin5 percent What is the firm's times interest covered ratio? Solution: Sales = Rs. 6,000,000 Net profit margin = 5 per cent Net profit = Rs. 6,000,000 x 0. 05 = 300,000 Tax rate = 40 per cent 300,000 So, Profit before tax = = Rs. 500,000 (1-. 4) Interest charge = Rs. 200,000 So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs. 700,000 Hence 700,000 Times interest covered ratio = = 3. 5 200,000 8. The following data applies to a firm: Interest chargesRs. 50,000 SalesRs. 300,000 Tax rate 25 percent Net profit margin 3 percent What is the firm's times interest covered ratio? Solution: Sales = Rs. 300,000 Net profit margin = 3 per cent Net profit = Rs. 300,000 x 0. 03 = 9,000 Tax rate = 25 per cent 9,000 So, Profit before tax = = Rs. 12,000 (1-. 25) Interest charge = Rs. 50,000 So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs. 62,000 Hence 62,000 Times interest covered ratio == 1. 24 50,000 9. The following data applies to a firm : Interest chargesRs. 10,000,000 SalesRs. 80,000,000 Tax rate 50 percent Net profit margin 10 percent What is the firm's times interest covered ratio? Solution: Sales = Rs. 80,000,000 Net profit margin = 10 per cent Net profit = Rs. 80,000,000 x 0. 1 = 8,000,000 Tax rate = 50 per cent 8,000,000 So, Profit before tax = = Rs. 16,000,000 (1-. 5) Interest charge = Rs. 10,000,000 So Profit before interest and taxes = Rs. 26,000,000 Hence 26,000,000 Times interest covered ratio == 2. 6 10,000,000 10. A firm's current assets and current liabilities are 25,000 and 18,000 respectively. How much additional funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below 1. 5? Solution: CA = 25,000CL = 18,000 Let BB stand for bank borrowing CA+BB = 1. 35 CL+BB 25,000+BB = 1. 35 18,000+BB 1. 35x 18,000 + 1. 35 BB = 25,000 + BB 0. 35BB = 25,000- 24,300 = 700 BB = 700/0. 35 = 2,000 11. LNG’s current assets and current liabilities are 200,000 and 140,000 respectively. How much additional funds can it borrow from banks for short term, withou t reducing the current ratio below 1. 33? Solution: CA = 200,000CL = 140,000 Let BB stand for bank borrowing CA+BB = 1. 33 CL+BB 200,000+BB = 1. 33 140,000+BB 1. 33 x 140,000 + 1. 33BB = 200,000 + BB 0. 33 BB = 200,000- 186,200 = 13,800 BB =13,800/0. 33 = 41,818 12. Navneet’s current assets and current liabilities are 10,000,000 and 7,000,000 respectively. How much additional funds can it borrow from banks for short term, without reducing the current ratio below 1. 4? Solution: CA = 10,000,000CL = 7,000,,000 Let BB stand for bank borrowing CA+BB = 1. 4 CL+BB 10,000,000+BB = 1. 4 7,000,000+BB 1. 4 x 7,000,000 + 1. 4BB = 10,000,000 + BB 0. 4 BB = 10,000,000- 9,800,000 = 200,000 BB = 200,000/0. 40 = 500,000 13. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 25,000,000 and accounts receivable of 8,000,000. How rapidly (in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the accounts receivable to 6,000,000? Solution: 25,000,000 Average daily credit sales = = 68,493 365 If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 6,000,000 the ACP must be: 6,000,000 = 87. 6 days 68,493 14. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 1,200,000 and accounts receivable of 500,000. How rapidly (in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the accounts receivable to 300,000? Solution: 1,200,000 Average daily credit sales = = 3287. 67 365 If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 300,000 the ACP must be: 300,000 = 91. 3 days 3287. 67 15. A firm has total annual sales (all credit) of 100,000,000 and accounts receivable of 20,000,000. How rapidly (in how many days) must accounts receivable be collected if management wants to reduce the accounts receivable to 15,000,000? Solution: 100,000,000 Average daily credit sales = = 273,972. 6 365 If the accounts receivable has to be reduced to 15,000,000 the ACP must be: 15,000,000 = 54. 8 days 273,972. 6 16. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows. Current ratio = 1. 25 Acid-test ratio = 1. 10 Current liabilities=2000 Inventory turnover ratio=10 What is the sales of the firm? Solution: Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio = 2000 x 1. 25 = 2500 Current assets – Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio 2000 x 1. 10 = 2200 Inventories = 300 Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio = 300 x 10 = 3000 17. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows. Current ratio = 1. 33 Acid-test ratio = 0. 80 Current liabilities=40,000 Inventory turnover ratio=6 What is the sales of the firm? Solution: Current assets = Current liabilities x Curre nt ratio = 40,000 x 1. 33 = 53,200 Current assets – Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio = 40,000 x 0. 80 = 32,000 Inventories = 21,200 Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio = 21,200 x 6 = 127,200 18. The financial ratios of a firm are as follows. Current ratio = 1. 6 Acid-test ratio = 1. 2 Current liabilities=2,000,000 Inventory turnover ratio=5 What is the sales of the firm? Solution: Current assets = Current liabilities x Current ratio = 2,000,000 x 1. 6 = 3,200,000 Current assets – Inventories = Current liabilities x Acid test ratio = 2,000,000 x 1. 2 = 2,400,000 Inventories = 800,000 Sales = Inventories x Inventory turnover ratio = 800,000 x 5 = 4,000,000 19. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data: Debt/equity ratio= 0. 80 Acid-test ratio= 1. 1 Total assets turnover ratio= 2 Days' sales outstanding in Accounts receivable= 30 days Gross profit margin= 30 percent Inventory turnover ratio = 6 Balance sheet Equity capital 80,000Plant and equipment. . . . Retained earnings 50,000Inventories. . . . Short-term bank borrowings . . . . Accounts receivable. . . . Cash. . . . . . . .. . . . Sales. . . . Cost of goods sold †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Solution: Debt/equity = 0. 80 Equity = 80,000 + 50,000 = 130,000 So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings = 0. x 130,000 = 104,000 Hence Total assets = 130,000+104,000 = 234,000 Total assets turnover ratio = 2 So Sales = 2 x 234,000 = 468,000 Gross profit margin = 30 per cent So Cost of goods sold = 0. 7 x 468,000 = 327,600 Day’s sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 30 days Sales So Accounts receivable = x 30 360 468,000 = x 30 = 39,000 360 Cost of goods sold 327,600 Inventory turnover ratio === 6 Inventory Inventory So Inventory = 54,600 As short-term bank borrowing is a current liability, Cash + Accounts receivable Acid-test ratio = Current liabilities Cash + 39,000 = = 1. 1 104 ,000 So Cash = 75,400 Plant and equipment = Total assets – Inventories – Accounts receivable – Cash = 234,000 – 54,600 – 39,000 – 75,400 = 65,000 Putting together everything we get Balance Sheet Equity capital 80,000Plant & equipment65,000 Retained earnings50,000Inventories54,600 Short-term bank borrowings 104,000Accounts receivable39,000 Cash75,400 234,000 234,000 Sales 468,000 Cost of goods sold327,600 20. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data: Debt/equity ratio= 0. 40 Acid-test ratio= 0. 9 Total assets turnover ratio= 2. 5 Days' sales outstanding in Accounts receivable= 25 days Gross profit margin= 25 percent Inventory turnover ratio = 8 Balance sheet Equity capital 160,000,000Plant and equipment——–Retained earnings 30,000,000Inventories †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Short-term bank borrowings . . . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Accounts receivable †¦.. . . . Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales †¦. †¦. Cost of goods sold †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Solution: Debt/equity = 0. 40 Equity = 160,000,000 + 30,000,000 = 190,000,000 So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings = 0. 4 x 190,000,000 = 76,000,000 Hence Total assets = 190,000,000+ 76,000,000 = 266,000,000 Total assets turnover ratio = 2. 5 So Sales = 2. 5 x 266,000,000 = 665,000,000 Gross profit margin = 25 per cent So Cost of goods sold = 0. 75 x 665,000,000 = 498,750,000 Day’s sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 25 days Sales So Accounts receivable = x 25 360 665,000,000 = x 25 = 46,180,556 360 Cost of goods sold 498,750,000 Inventory turnover ratio == = 8 Inventory Inventory So Inventory = 62,343,750 As short-term bank borrowings is a current liability, Cash + Accounts receivable Acid-test ratio = Current liability Cash + 46,180,556 = = 0. 9 76,000 ,000 So Cash = 22,219,444 Plant and equipment = Total assets – Inventories – Accounts receivable – Cash 266,000,000 – 62,343,750 – 46,180,556 – 22,219,444 = 135,256,250 Putting together everything we get Balance Sheet Equity capital 160,000,000Plant & equipment 135,256,250 Retained earnings 30,000,000Inventories62,343,750 Short-term bank borrowings 76,000,000Accounts receivable46,180,556 Cash22,219,444 266,000,000 266,000,000 Sales 665,000,000 Cost of goods so ld 498,750,000 21. Complete the balance sheet and sales data (fill in the blanks) using the following financial data: Debt/equity ratio= 1. 5 Acid-test ratio= 0. 3 Total assets turnover ratio= 1. 9 Days' sales outstanding in Accounts receivable= 25 days Gross profit margin= 28 percent Inventory turnover ratio = 7 Balance sheet Equity capital 600,000Plant and equipment. . . . Retained earnings 100,000Inventories. . . . Short-term bank borrowings . . . Accounts receivable. . . . Cash. . . . . . . .. . . . Sales. . . †¦.. Cost of goods sold†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Solution: Debt/equity = 1. 5 Equity = 600,000 + 100,000 = 700,000 So Debt = Short-term bank borrowings =1. 5 x 700,000 = 1050,000 Hence Total assets = 700,000+1050,000 = 1,750,000 Total assets turnover ratio = 1. 9 So Sales = 1. 9 x 1,750,000 = 3,325,000 Gross profit margin = 28 per cent So Cost of goods sold = 0. 2 x 3,325,000 = 2,394,000 Day’s sales outstanding in accounts receivable = 25 days Sales So Accounts receivable = x 25 360 3,325,000 = x 25 = 230,903 360 Cost of goods sold 2,394,000 Inventory turnover ratio === 7 Inventory Inventory So Inventory = 342,000 As short-term bank borrowings is a current liability , Cash + Accounts re ceivable Acid-test ratio = Current liabilities Cash + 230,903 = = 0. 3 1050 ,000 So Cash = 84,097 Plant and equipment = Total assets – Inventories – Accounts receivable – Cash = 1,750,000 – 342,000 – 230,903 – 84,097 = 1,093,000 Putting together everything we get Balance Sheet Equity capital 600,000Plant &equipment 1,093,000 Retained earnings100,000Inventories 342,000 Short-term bank borrowings 1050,000Accounts receivable 230,903 Cash 84,097 1,750,000 1,750,000 Sales 3,325,000 Cost of goods sold2,394,000 22. Compute the financial ratios for Acme Ltd. Evaluate Acme's performance with reference to the standards. Acme Limited Balance Sheet, March 31, 20X7 Liabilities and Equity Equity capital Rs. 60,000,000 Reserves and surplus45,000,000 Long-term debt72,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing40,000,000 Trade creditors30,000,000 Provisions15,000,000 Total 62,000,000 Assets Fixed assets (net) Rs. 110,000,000 Current assets Cash and bank 30,000,000 Receivables45,000,000 Inventories 61,000,000 Pre-paid expenses 10,000,000 Others 6,000,000 Total 262,000,000 Acme Limited Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ended March 31, 20X7 Net sales Rs. 320,000,000 Cost of goods sold 204,000,000 Gross profit 116,000,000 Operating expenses 50,000,000 Operating profit 66,000,000 Non-operating surplus 4,000,000 Profit before interest and tax 70,000,000 Interest 12,000,000 Profit before tax 58,000,000 Tax 20,000,000 Profit after tax 38,000,000 Dividends 4,000,000 Retained earnings 34,000,000 AcmeStandard Current ratio 1. 3 Acid-test ratio 0. 70 Debt-equity ratio 2. 0 Times interest covered ratio 4. 5 Inventory turnover ratio 5. 0 Average collection period 45 days Total assets turnover ratio 1. 5 Net profit margin ratio 8 % Earning power 20 % Return on equity 18 % Solution: For purposes of ratio analysis, we may recast the balance sheet as under. Let assume that ‘Others’ in the balance sheet represents other current assets. Liabilities and Equity Equity capital . 60,000,000 Reserves and surplus45,000,000 Long-term debt72,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing40,000,000 Total 217,000,000 Fixed assets (net) 110,000,000 Current assets Cash and bank30,000,000 Receivables45,000,000 Inventories61,000,000 Pre-paid expenses10,000,000 Others 6,000,000 152,000,000 Less: Current liabilities Trade creditors30,000,000 Provisions15,000,000 45,000,000 Net current assets 107,000,000 Total 217,000,000 Current assets (i) Current ratio = Current liabilities 152,000,000 == 1. 8 85,000,000 (Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also) Current assets – Inventories 91,000,000 (ii) Acid-test ratio = == 1. 1 Current liabilities 85,000,000 Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also) Long-term debt + Short-term bank borrowing (iii) Debt-equity ratio = Equity capital + Reserves & surplus 72,000,000 + 40,000,000 = = 1. 1 60,000,000 + 45,000,000 Profit before interest and tax (iv) Times interest coverage ratio = Interest 70,000,000 == 5. 83 12,000,000 Cost of goods sold204,000,000 (v) Inventory turnover period = = = 3. 34 Invent ory61,000,000 365 (vi) Average collection period = Net sales / Accounts receivable 365 = =51. 3 days 320,000,000/45,000,000 (vii) Total assets =Equity + Total debt =( 60,000,000 + 45,000,000 ) +(72,000,000+40,000,000) = 217,000,000 Net sales320,000,000 Total assets turnover ratio = == 1. 5 Total assets217,000,000 Profit after tax 38,000,000 (ix) Net profit margin= = = 11. 9% Net sales 320,000,000 PBIT 70,000,000 (x) Earning power = = = 32. 3 % Total assets 217,000,000 Equity earning 38,000,000 (xi) Return on equity = = = 36. 2 % Net worth 105,000,000 The comparison of the Acme’s ratios with the standard is given below AcmeStandard Current ratio 1. 8 1. 3 Acid-test ratio 1. 1 0. 7 Debt-equity ratio 1. 1 2. 0 Times interest covered ratio 5. 8 4. 5 Inventory turnover ratio 3. 3 5. 0 Average collection period 51. 3 days 45 days Total assets turnover ratio 1. 5 1. 5 Net profit margin ratio 11. 9 % 8 % Earning power 32. 3 % 20 % Return on equity 36. 2 % 18 % 23. Compute the financial ratios for Nainar Ltd. Evaluate Nainar's performance with reference to the standards. Nainar Limited Balance Sheet, March 31, 20X7 Liabilities and Equity Equity capital Rs. 100,000,000 Reserves and surplus 65,000,000 Long-term debt 140,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing 70,000,000 Trade creditors 24,000,000 Provisions 19,000,000 Total 418,000,000 Assets Fixed assets (net) Rs. 206,000,000 Current assets Cash and bank 25,000,000 Receivables 70,000,000 Inventories 85,000,000 Pre-paid expenses 20,000,000 Others 12,000,000 Total 418,000,000 Nainar Limited Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ended March 31, 20X7 Net sales Rs. 740,000,000 Cost of goods sold 520,000,000 Gross profit 220,000,000 Operating expenses 102,000,000 Operating profit 118,000,000 Non-operating surplus 12,000,000 Profit before interest and tax 130,000,000 Interest 22,000,000 Profit before tax 108,000,000 Tax 46,000,000 Profit after tax 62,000,000 Dividends 20,000,000 Retained earnings 42,000,000 NainarStandard Current ratio 1. 7 Acid-test ratio 1. 0 Debt-equity ratio 1. 4 Times interest covered ratio 5. 5 Inventory turnover ratio 6. 0 Average collection period 40 days Total assets turnover ratio 2. 0 Net profit margin ratio 8 % Earning power 30 % Return on equity 35 % Solution: For purposes of ratio analysis, we may recast the balance sheet as under. Let assume that ‘Others’ in the balance sheet represents other current assets. Liabilities and Equity Equity capital 100,000,000 Reserves and surplus 65,000,000 Long-term debt 140,000,000 Short-term bank borrowing 70,000,000 Total 375,000,000 Assets Fixed assets (net) 206,000,000 Current assets Cash and bank 25,000,000 Receivables 70,000,000 Inventories 85,000,000 Pre-paid expenses 20,000,000 Others 12,000,000 212,000,000 Less: Current liabilities Trade creditors24,000,000 Provisions19,000,000 43,000,000 Net current assets 169,000,000 Total 375,000,000 Current assets (i) Current ratio = Current liabilities 212,000,000 == 1. 9 113,000,000 ( Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also) Current assets – Inventories 127,000,000 (ii) Acid-test ratio = == 1. 1 Current liabilities 113,000,000 ( Current liabilities here includes short-term bank borrowing also) Long-term debt + Short-term bank borrowing (iii) Debt-equity ratio = Equity capital + Reserves & surplus 140,000,000 + 70,000,000 = = 1. 3 100,000,000 + 65,000,000 Profit before interest and tax (iv) Times interest coverage ratio = Interest 130,000,000 == 5. 9 22,000,000 Cost of goods sold520,000,000 (v) Inventory turnover period = = = 6. 1 Inventory85,000,000 365 (vi) Average collection period = Net sales / Accounts receivable 365 = =34. 5 days 740,000,000/70,000,000 (vii) Total assets = Equity + Total debt =(100,000,000 + 65,000,000 ) +(140,000,000+70,000,000) = 375,000,000 Net sales740,000,000 Total assets turnover ratio = == 2. 0 Total assets375,000,000 Profit after tax 62,000,000 (ix) Net profit margin= = = 8. 4 % Net sales 740,000,000 PBIT 130,000,000 (x) Earning power = = = 34. 7 % Total assets 375,000,000 Equity earning 62,000,000 (xi) Return on equity = = = 37. 6 % Net worth 165,000,000 The comparison of the Nainar’s ratios with the standard is given below NainarStandard Current ratio 1. 9 1. 7 Acid-test ratio 1. 1 1. 0 Debt-equity ratio 1. 3 1. 4 Times interest covered ratio 5. 9 5. 5 Inventory turnover ratio 6. 1 6. 0 Average collection period 34. 5 days 40 days Total assets turnover ratio 2. 0 2. 0 Net profit margin ratio 8. 4 % 8 % Earning power 34. 7 % 30 % Return on equity 37. 6 % 35 % 24. The comparative balance sheets and comparative Profit and Loss accounts for Nalvar Limited, are given below: Comparative Balance Sheets, Nalvar Limited (Rs. in million) | |20X3 |20X4 |20X5 |20X6 |20X7 | |Share capital |1. 6 |1. 6 |1. |1. 8 |2 | |Reserves and surplus |1. 0 |1. 6 |2. 4 |2. 3 |3 | |Long-term debt |1. 4 |1. 5 |1. 8 |1. 6 |1. 4 | |Short-term bank borrowing |1. 3 |1. 5 |1. 7 |1. 5 |1. 2 | |Current liabilities |1. 1 |1. 3 |1. 5 |1. 6 |1. 8 | |Total |6. 4 |7. 5 |9. 2 |8. |9. 4 | |Assets | | | | | | |Net fixed assets |1. 2 |1. 4 |2 |1. 7 |2 | |Current assets | | | | | | | Cash and bank |0. 3 |0. 3 |0. 2 |0. 4 |0. 3 | | Receivables |1. 8 |2. 1 |2. 5 |2. 4 |2. | | Inventories |1. 8 |2. 2 |2. 8 |2. 4 |2. 8 | | |1. 3 |1. 5 |1. 7 |1. 9 |1. 8 | |Other assets | | | | | | |Total |6. 4 |7. 5 |9. 2 |8. 8 |9. 4 | | | | | | | | Comparative Profit and Loss Accounts, Nalvar Limited (Rs. in million) | | |20X4 |20X5 |20X6 |20X7 | | |20X3 | | | | | | | | | | | | |Net sales |3. 8 |4. 2 |5. 3 |6. 5 |7. 8 | |Cost of goods sold |2. 6 |3. |3. 9 |4 |4. 8 | |Gross profit |1. 2 |1. 1 |1. 4 |2. 5 |3 | |Operating expenses |0. 3 |0. 3 |0. 4 |0. 6 |0. 6 | |Operating profit |0. 9 |0. 8 |1 |1. 9 |2. 4 | |Non-operating surplus deficit |0. 1 |0. 2 |0. 1 |0. 3 |0. 3 | |Profit before interest and tax |1 |1 |1. |2. 2 |2. 7 | |Interest |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 2 |0. 1 |0. 1 | |Profit before tax |0. 9 |0. 9 |0. 9 |2. 1 |2. 6 | |Tax |0. 05 |0. 08 |1 |1. 2 |1. 2 | |Profit after tax |0. 85 |0. 82 |-0. 1 |0. 9 |1. 4 | Required: Compute the important ratios for Nalvar Limited for the years 20X3-20X7. You may assume that other assets in the balance sheet represent other current assets. †¢ Current ratio †¢ Debt-equity ratio †¢ Total assets turnover ratio †¢ Net profit margin †¢ Earning power †¢ Return on equity Solution: We will rearrange the balance sheets as under for ratio analysis. It is assumed that ‘Other assets’ are other current assets |Liabilities and Equity | | | | | | |†¢ Current ratio |2. 2 |2. 2 |2. 3 |2. 3 |2. 5 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Debt-equity ratio |1. 0 |0. 9 |0. 8 |0. 8 |0. | |Total assets turnover ratio |0. 7 |0. 7 |0. 7 |0. 9 |1. 0 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Net profit margin(%) |22. 4 |19. 5 |-1. 9 |13. 8 |17. 9 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Earning power (%) |18. 9 |16. 1 |14. 3 |30. 6 |35. 5 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Return on equity (%) |32. 7 |25. 6 |-2. 4 |22. 0 |28. 0 | 26. The comparative balance sheets and comparative Profit and Loss accounts for Somani Limited, a machine tool manufacturer, are given below: Comparative Ba lance Sheets, Somani Limited (Rs. in million) | | | 20X5 | 20X6 | 20X7 | | | |20X4 | | | | | |20X3 | | | | | |Share capital |41 |50 |50 |50 |55 | |Reserves and surplus |16 |36 |72 |118 |150 | |Long-term debt |28 |25 |30 |29 |22 | |Short-term bank borrowing |35 |30 |36 |38 |38 | |Current liabilities |24 |28 |30 |30 |25 | |Total |144 |169 |218 |265 |290 | |Assets | | | | | | |Net fixed assets |72 |80 |75 |102 |103 | |Current assets | | | | | | | Cash and bank |8 |9 |15 |12 |11 | | Receivables |24 |30 |59 |62 |85 | | Inventories |35 |42 |55 |75 |79 | |Other Assets |5 |8 |14 |14 |12 | |Total |144 |169 |218 |265 |290 | | | | | | | | |Comparative Profit & Loss Account of Somani Ltd | | (Rs. n million) | | | |20X4 |20X5 |20X6 |20X7 | | |20X3 | | | | | |Net sales |285 |320 |360 |350 |355 | |Cost of goods sold |164 |150 |170 |175 |174 | |Gross profit |121 |170 |190 |175 |181 | |Operating expenses |64 |66 |68 |68 |64 | |Operating profit |57 |104 |122 |107 |117 | |Non-operating surplus defic it |3 |4 |4 |3 |3 | |Profit before interest and tax |60 |108 |126 |110 |120 | |Interest |8 |6 |10 |12 |12 | |Profit before tax |52 |102 |116 |98 |108 | |Tax |15 |26 |30 |26 |29 | |Profit after tax |37 |76 |86 |72 |79 | | | | | | | | Compute the following ratios for years 20X3-20X7: †¢ Current ratio †¢ Debt-equity ratio †¢ Total assets turnover ratio †¢ Net profit margin †¢ Earning power †¢ Return on equity For ratio analysis purpose, we will rearrange the balance sheet as under. It is assumed that ‘Other assets’ are other current assets 20X3 20X4 20X5 20X6 20X7 |Share capital | |41 | |50 | | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Current ratio |1. 2 |1. 5 |2. 2 |2. 4 |3. 0 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Debt-equity ratio |1. 1 |0. 6 |0. 5 |0. 4 |0. | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total assets turnover ratio |2. 4 |2. 3 |1. 9 |1. 5 |1. 3 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Net profit margin (%) |13. 0 |23. 8 |23. 9 |20. 6 |22. 3 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Earning power (%) |50. 0 |76. 6 |67. 0 |46. 8 |45. 3 | |†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Return on equity (%) |64. 9 |88. 4 |70. 5 |42. 9 |38. 5 | 26. The Balance sheets and Profit and Loss accounts of LKG Corporation are given below. Prepare the common size and common base financial statements |Balance Sheets (Rs. n million) | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Shareholders’ funds |256 |262 | |Loan funds |156 |212 | |Total |412 |474 | |Fixed assets |322 |330 | |Investments |15 |15 | |Net current assets |75 |129 | |Total |412 |474 | |Profit & Loss Accounts | |(Rs. n million) | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Net sales |623 |701 | |Cost of goods sold |475 |552 | |Gross profit |148 |149 | |PBIT |105 |89 | |Interest |22 |21 | |PBT |83 |68 | |Tax |41 |34 | |PAT |42 |34 | Solution: Common Size statements: Profit and Loss Account | |Regular ( in Rs. |Common Size(%) | | |million) | | | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Net sales |623 |701 | |100 |100 | |Cost of goods sold |475 |552 | |76 |79 | |Gross profit |148 |149 | |24 |21 | |PBIT |105 |89 | |17 |13 | |Interest |22 |21 | |4 |3 | |PBT |83 |68 | |13 |10 | |Tax |41 |34 | |7 |5 |PAT |42 |34 | |7 |5 | | | | Balance Sheet | | |Regular ( in million)| |Common Size(%) | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Shareholders' funds |256 |262 | |62 |55 | |Loan funds |156 |212 | |38 |45 | |Total |412 |474 | |100 |100 | |Fixed assets |322 |330 | |78 |70 | |Investments |15 |15 | |4 |3 | |Net current assets |75 |129 | |18 |27 | |Total |412 |474 | |100 |100 | 27. The Balance sheets and Profit and Loss accounts of Grand Limited are given below. Prepare the common size and common base financial statements Balance Sheet | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Shareholders’ fund |85 |85 | |Loan funds |125 |180 | |Total |210 |265 | |Fixed assets |127 |170 | |Investments |8 |10 | |Net current assets |75 |85 | |Total |210 |265 | |Profit & Loss Account | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Net sales 450 |560 | |Cost of goods sold |320 |410 | |Gross profit |130 |150 | |PBIT |85 |98 | |Interest |12 |17 | |PBT |73 |81 | |Tax |22 |38 | |PAT |51 |43 | Solution: |Balance Sheet |Regular (Rs. n million) |Common Size(%) | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Shareholders' funds |85 |85 |40 |32 | |Loan funds |125 |180 |60 |68 | |Total |210 |265 |100 |100 | |Fixed assets |127 |170 |60 |64 | |Investments |8 |10 |4 |4 | |Net current assets |75 |85 |36 |32 | |Total |210 |265 |100 |100 | |Profit & Loss Account |Regular (Rs. n million) |Common Size(%) | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Net sales |450 |560 |100 |100 | |Cost of goods sold |320 |410 |71 |73 | |Gross profit |130 |150 |29 |27 | |PBIT |85 |98 |19 |18 | |Interest |12 |17 |3 |3 | |PBT |73 |81 |16 |14 | |Tax |22 |38 |5 |7 | |PAT |51 |43 |11 |8 | |Common base year statements | |Balance Sheet |Regular (Rs. n million) |Common base year (%) | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Shareholders' funds |85 |85 |100 |100 | |Loan funds |125 |180 |100 |144 | |Total |210 |265 |100 |126 | |Fixed assets |127 |170 |100 |134 | |Investments |8 |10 |100 |125 | |Net current assets |75 |85 |100 |113 | |Total |210 |265 |100 |126 | |Profit & Loss Account |Regular (Rs. n million) |Common base year (% ) | | |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 |20Ãâ€"6 |20Ãâ€"7 | |Net sales |450 |560 |100 |124 | |Cost of goods sold |320 |410 |100 |128 | |Gross profit |130 |150 |100 |115 | |PBIT |85 |98 |100 |115 | |Interest |12 |17 |100 |142 | |PBT |73 |81 |100 |111 | |Tax |22 |38 |100 |173 | |PAT |51 |43 |100 |84 | CHAPTER 5 1. The profit and loss account of Sasi Industires Limited for years 1 and 2 is given below: Using the percent of sales method, prepare the pro forma profit and loss account for year 3. Assume that the sales will be 3500 in year 3. If dividends are raised to 40, what amount of retained earnings can be expected for year 3? |Year | | |1 |2 | |Net sales |2300 |2700 | |Cost of goods sold |1760 |2000 | |Gross profit |540 |700 | |Selling expenses |150 |180 | |General and administration expenses |120 |124 | |Depreciation |94 |84 | |Operating profit |176 |312 | |Non-operating surplus deficit |12 |10 | |Earnings before interest and tax |188 |322 | |Interest |30 |38 | |Earnings before tax |158 |284 | |Tax |56 |96 | |Earnings after tax |102 |188 | |Dividends |35 |35 | |Retained earnings |67 |153 | Solution: |Year | | | | |1 |2 |Average percent |Proforma Profit & Loss| | | | |of sales |account for year 3 | | | | | |assuming sales of 3500| |Net sales |2300 |2700 |100 |3500 | |Cost of goods sold |1760 |2000 |75. 30 |2635. 43 | |Gross profit |540 |700 |24. 70 |864. 57 | |Selling expenses |150 |180 |6. 59 |230. 80 | |General and administration expenses |120 |124 |4. 90 |171. 7 | |Depreciation |94 |84 |3. 60 |125. 97 | |Operating profit |176 |312 |9. 60 |336. 14 | |Non-operating surplus deficit |12 |10 |0. 45 |15. 61 | |Earnings before interest and tax |188 |322 |10. 05 |351. 75 | |Interest |30 |38 |1. 36 |47. 46 | |Earnings before tax |158 |284 |8. 69 |304. 29 | |Tax |56 |96 |3. 00 |104. 3 | |Earnings after tax |102 |188 |5. 70 |199. 46 | |Dividends(given) |35 |35 | |40 | |Retained earnings |67 |153 | |159. 46 | 2. The profit and loss account of KG Electronics Limited for years 1 and 2 is given below: Using the percent of sales method, prepare the pro forma profit and loss account for year 3. Assume that the sales will be 26,000 in year 3. If dividends are raised to 500, what amount of retained earnings can be expected for year3 . |Year | | |1 |2 | |Net sales |18,230 |22,460 | |Cost of goods sold |13,210 |16100 | |Gross profit |5020 |6360 | |Selling expenses |820 |890 | |General and administration expenses

A Type Of Motivation Education Essay

Intrinsic and extrinsic are a type of motive that can be used at work, in life and in school. Ones behaviour and age are some other factors, to understanding the usage of intrinsic and extrinsic motive. This paper will explicate what intrinsic and extrinsic is, how it is used, advantages and disadvantages and which is most benefitting amid the young persons in school. Among the pupils and the theories it will demo intrinsic vs. extrinsic and the motivational tools developed to assist kids accomplish. In the book, â€Å" Development of Acheivement Motivation, † by ( Wigfield, 2002 ) provinces there are three inquiries that you must inquire to find a individuals ‘ motivational head set is ; â€Å" Can I make the activity? Do I desire to make the undertaking and why? What do I need to win at this activity? † The two motivational tools are intrinsic and extrinsic. † ( p16 ) .What is intrinsic? Intrinsic is the hankering to take part in behaviours for no ground, but sheer satisfaction, pleasance, challenge or wonder ( Lepper, 2005 ) . How is this motive tool used among young person is school? Several teachers have used this method in concentrating on the challenge and conceptual thought. In Development of Acheivement Motivation ( Wigfield, 2002 ) states â€Å" This is where the teacher motivates the pupils ‘ challenges, the conceptual and analytical thought. It helps to advance the pupil by furthering greater feeling of competency and insulating the skill portion because the more challenging of the work would ensue in evident advancements of understanding † , ( p312 ) . Suppressing the challenge constructs should besides in engender positive emotions such as pride and fulfilment ( Wigfield, 2002 ) . These feelings of pride and competency should in bend, prompt intrinsic involvement amusement. Many surveies are done with in school to demo the development among the motivational tools. In mention to Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations in the Classroom: Age Differences and Acedimic Correlates, questionnaire surveies support the premise that pupils enjoy work that is disputing, conceptual and framed around large thoughts, instead than an stray accomplishment. Surveies have besides shown that age factors do impact a pupil ‘s motivational head set. Many kids may take part in academic undertakings both because it involvements them and because it will delight their instructor or assist those to gain a good class ( Lepper, 2005 ) . Many instructors use activities to find the response of the pupil. Is at that place a focal point, understanding and enjoyment of the activity or are the pupils missing and looking for a ground to finish the activity. A kid ‘s behavior depending on the age is besides factor in, in finding if intrinsic will work on a pupil. For illustration a kid in simple school in 2nd class between 7 and 8 old ages of age is funny and eager to larn. There is an enjoyment of larning more and acquiring better at an activity. Now take a pupil in 8th grader between 13 and 14 old ages of age, where things are more feverish it is more of what will I acquire if I do good on this activity. To acquire a good class for ego is non every bit of import to acquire a good class because for every â€Å" A † you get is $ 10.00. In many school intrinsic is used among younger pupil because at this point is where their funny about everything and inquire why a batch more. Older pupils are harder to utilize intrinsic motive, because of the deficiency of self-gain and clip restraints. In simple schools and kid with larning disablements intrinsic motive is used more often. It is easier to develop a kid into a stronger reader, better speller and a faster math pupil, by disputing them in different activities. Because of the kid larning development it is easier to model a kid at a younger age than a kid much older and has developed a learning manner or many more different focal points. In today ‘s society intrinsic is used more frequently at an earlier age. Students have one chief instructor and more custodies on with activities to promote more of intrinsic usage of motive. Teachers try to do the pupil more independent instead dependent, to allow the pupils push for a challenge and desire of the activity over an easy undertaking, and focal point on personal wonder and involvements instead concentrating on delighting the instructor to acquire a good class In mention to a website â€Å" higered.mcgraw-hill.com from a papers Module 15 Behavioral Theory † : Most early research on motive was rooted in the survey of behavioural larning theory, specifically the theory of operant conditioning. Harmonizing to operant conditioning, an person who receives support, a positive effect for a behaviour, would be probably to execute the behaviour once more under similar fortunes, support, in other words, can actuate behaviour ( 267 ) . What is extrinsic? It is â€Å" exterior † to the behaviour and defined as the type of motive as prosecuting in an activity to obtain an result that is distinguishable from the activity itself ( Lepper, 2005 ) . The pupil idea procedure is more of what will be received instead than holding an apprehension of what was learned. In in-between school and high school extrinsic motive is more often used, such as competition, extrinsic motive. For illustration in Module 15 Behavioral Theory: A male child looking up his semester grade point norm illustrates the increased academic competition in in-between school and high school that can take to greater extrinsic motive. The construction and clime of schoolrooms and schools in center and high school may assist explicate the developmental tendency toward extrinsically motivated acquisition ( 268 ) . The Module 15 Behavioral Theory explains that in center and high schools, pupils have multiple instructors, switch categories, and frequently have agendas with academic topics organized into short periods. Teachers in center and high schools have many pupils to learn and be given to utilize more talk and fewer hands-on activities. Middle and high schools besides have stricter academic and behavioural policies than simple schools and stress competition among pupils to a greater extent, as evidenced by award axial rotations, category rankings, and standardized proving for describing command degrees to the provinces every bit good as for college admittances ( Module 15 Behavioral Theory ) . In ( Module 15 Behavioral Theory ) besides explains that therefore striplings in center and high school progressively encounter in: decontextualized acquisition where pupils do non see the relevancy of academic stuff ( p268 ) few chances to do determinations, more regulations and subject, and poorer teacher-student relationships ( p268 ) and ; competition among pupils and more rating of pupil public presentation ( p268 ) All these apprehensions lead pupils to go more extrinsically motivated. Extrinsic incentives can be an of import portion of instructors ‘ motivational patterns when used appropriately. With the agendas of a pupil and instructor, the clip for each period and the sum of pupils in each period reflects on how the instructors teach. In today ‘s society with all the clip restraints and the school course of study instructors do non hold the clip to be more of a 1 on one. Teachers tend to give a batch of talks ; there may besides be a batch of reading stuffs, quizzes and trials and a batch of taking notes. To acquire a pupil involved instead than fall behind instructor have competitions. Analyzing Motivational Strategies – What Makes Your Students Care? ( Shindler, 2008 ) explains the advatages and disadvantages of intrnsic and extrinsic motive as follows: The advantages of intrinsic in self- betterment, increased duty, problem-solving and inquiry-based Learning and are: Promotes intrinsic motive and helps pupils clear up their ain ends and desires and more durable sense of satisfaction ; can make the cause-and-effect between duty and freedom and can increase responsible behaviour ; can advance greater resourcefulness, can advance an accent on procedure and motivational to pupils when they solve the job and make the end and ; allows pupils to see interior beginnings of satisfaction, activities feel inherently meaningful and as though they are â€Å" traveling someplace † psychologically ; as a consequence there is small experience of ennui, and promotes pupil creativeness and sets the phase for communal bonds among pupils † ( 7.2 Gp C ) . The advantages of extrinsic in classs and wagess, inducements, personal congratulations, penalties, dishonoring and menaces, public acknowledgment, phone calls place are: Tangible, familiar, actuating to pupils who value them and similar to pecuniary incentives in that they work as wagess ; Can be utile to specify valued results or procedures and assist clear up the focal point of the attempt ; Feels good, works to do pupil work harder and works in short-run ; Works in the short-run, motivates pupils who are used to that technique and can assist clear up the boundaries in a category ; Can honor behaviour and attempt that may non be rewarded by equals and feels good to recipient and ; Can alarm parents to forms of which they may non hold been cognizant, demonstrates a committedness to the pupil ‘s success and positive calls can hold a deeply positive result † ( 7.2 Gp A ) . The disadvantages of intrinsic in self- betterment, increased duty, problem-solving and inquiry-based Learning and are: Take a batch of clip to excite, and pupils who are used to more outward motive may non swear its worth ; Have to give away power to pupils, and creates more entropy in many results ; Can be mussy, possibly less teacher control of result and requires a great trade of purpose and planning ; Requires the instructor to be cognizant of pupils ‘ demands, requires teacher to be purposeful and skilled at instructional design and schoolroom direction, and teacher can non wholly command other pupils who may sabotage the quality of the environment † ( 7.2 Gp C ) . The disadvantages of extrinsic in classs and wagess, inducements, personal congratulations, penalties, dishonoring and menaces, public acknowledgment, phone calls place are: Shift concentrate off from larning ends, increased degrees of the support may be necessary to keep consequence and can rob pupils of intrinsic beginnings of motive ; Can lose their value over clip if used repeatedly and pupils may anticipate them after a piece ; Can be habit-forming, can cut down pupil ‘s internal venue of control and can be manipulative ; Can advance pupils simply avoiding acquiring caught, does non animate high quality behaviour and can make ill will and bitterness ; Can reenforce preexistent â€Å" rich persons † and â€Å" have-nots, † requires consistence and idea and ; Sends the message that the instructor may non be able to manage the pupil entirely, parents may non be helpful, may be the cause of the job, or be enablers of the job, acts as public shaming and can look a s a mark of failing † ( 7.2 Gp A ) . With old ages of preparation instructors learn how to entree a pupil ‘s motivational satisfaction. As stated by the Gale Group: Teachers can frequently readily identify pupils who demonstrate high or low motive in a certain undertaking. Motivated pupils engage in the undertaking with strength and feeling, whereas unmotivated pupils procrastinate and indicate in other ways that they would instead make something else ( Kaplan ) . Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ( Kaplan, 2003 ) provinces: These differences exemplify the quantitative dimension of motive, runing from high to low. Teachers can frequently besides place extremely motivated pupils who engage in undertakings in different ways. Some may try to complete the undertaking rapidly, while others may seek more information. Some may prevail, while others may get down enthusiastically but give-up when they encounter trouble ( Kaplan ) . These differences reflect the qualitative dimension of motive. The differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic motive has been one of the of import theoretical conceptualisations of qualitative differences in battle ( Kaplan ) . Depending on the grave degree, age, and behaviour of the pupil will find if motivational tool is profiting the pupil. Over premise is non an easy determination to do. Studies, trials and studies must been done to find a solid reply. From the information that has been gathered, explains that intrinsic is much more good in simple school and extrinsic in center and high school. There are two types of motive that has been used by instructors, in the work force and in mundane life to better the motive of their pupils, workers and ego. Which type of motivational tool that works depends on the individual. Understanding the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic can find which will work on an single young person in school. After researching the two types of motive, intrinsic is for 1 ‘s personal self-gain and enjoyment and pupil expression at the involvement of it, while extrinsic is to cognize what outside beginning can be used as personal self-gain for accomplishment and pupils are looking more at the result. A pupil ‘s age, agenda and behaviour determines the usage of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational tools throughout the school old ages.

How to Find the Capricornus Constellation

How to Find the Capricornus Constellation The constellation Capricornus makes up a small bent-up looking pattern in the sky near the constellation Sagittarius. The stars of Capricornus are best observed in the northern hemisphere summer (southern hemisphere winter). Its one of the oldest-known constellations in the sky and has long been the celestial avatar for a sea goat.   This chart shows Capricornus as a pair of triangles connected by a long line. Look for it near Sagittarius in the skies of July through late September. Carolyn Collins Petersen   Finding Capricornus To locate Capricornus, simply look for the constellation Sagittarius. Its in the southern skies for observers located north of the equator, and higher in the northern sky for folks south of the equator. Capricornus looks very much like a squashed-looking triangle. Some charts, like the one shown here, depict it as two triangles arranged along a long line. It lies along the ecliptic, which is the path the Sun appears to take across the sky throughout the year. The Moon and planets also appear to move roughly along the ecliptic.   All About Capricornus The star pattern we call Capricornus was known to the ancients at least as far back as the Middle Bronze Age, some 20 centuries before the Common Era. The Babylonians charted the pattern as the Goat-Fish. The Greeks saw it as Amalthea, the goat that saved the life of the infant god Zeus. Over time, Capricornus was referred to more frequently as a sea goat. In China, on the other hand, the constellation was described as a tortoise, while in the South Pacific it was viewed as a cavern. The Stars of Capricornus About 20 stars make up the pattern of Capricornus. The brightest star, ÃŽ ± Capricorni, is called Algedi. Its a multiple star system and its closest member is just over a hundred light-years away from us. The second-brightest star is called ÃŽ ² Capricorni, or more familiarly as Dabih. Its a giant yellow-colored star and is about 340 light-years away from us. One of the more peculiar stars in Capricornus is called delta Capricorni, or Deneb Algedi, which refers to the tail of the sea-goat. The brightest star in the ÃŽ ´ Capricorni multiple star system is whats known to astronomers as an eclipsing binary star. That means that one member of the star eclipses the other every so often, causing the brighter one to dim a bit. Astronomers are also intrigued by the chemical makeup of this strange star because it doesnt quite match the chemistry of other stars of its type. It also appears to rotate quite rapidly.  Ã‚   The official IAU constellation region of Capricornus shows the central pattern, plus other stars within the constellation outline. IAU/Sky Publishing.  Ã‚   Deep-Sky Objects in Capricornus Even though the constellation lies against near the backdrop of the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy, Capricornus doesnt have a lot of easily seen deep-sky objects. Observers with good telescopes can spy out a few very distant galaxies in its boundaries.   In our own galaxy, Capricornus contains the globular star cluster called M30. This tightly packed spherically shaped collection of stars was first observed and cataloged by Charles Messier back in 1764. Its visible through binoculars, but stargazers with a telescope see more details, and those with even larger instruments can make out individual stars in the cluster. M30 has more than a million times the mass of the Sun in its core, and stars that interact there affect each other in ways that astronomers are still working to understand. Its about 93 light-years across and is fairly close to the center of the Milky Way. A Hubble Space Telescope image of the globular cluster Messier 30 (M30) shows many stars tightly packed together at its core. This is the central region of the cluster. NASA/ESA/STScI   Globular clusters like M30 are companions to the Milky Way and contain very old stars. Some have stars much older than the galaxy itself, which indicates that they formed well before the Milky Way, perhaps more than 11 billion years ago. Globular cluster stars are what astronomers call metal-poor because they have very few of the heavier elements beyond hydrogen and helium in their atmospheres. Studying the metallicity of a star is one way to tell its age, because stars that formed early in the history of the universe, as these did, arent polluted with metals made by later generations of stars.  Ã¯ » ¿

How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essays

How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essays How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essay How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essay Operations direction is the field which is concerned with forming and put to deathing physical and proficient activities of a house. These actions are conducted by a combination of natural stuffs and processing or piecing the assorted constituents. utilizing the services of workers. machines. tools and power. It is a typical integrating of many different maps. Operations direction programs usually include instructions in rule of general direction. fabrication and production system. An operation may be defined as the procedure of altering input into end products by adding value to some entity ( Edurkar. 2009 ) . The two cardinal maps are to supply a merchandise or service and to sell that merchandise or service. It involves the planning and scheming of all maps necessary for the procurance of the firm’s merchandise or services. There are some specific facets of operations direction merchandise or services to stress ; company volume and location of concern feasible for clients and providers. selling schemes. techniques and machinery to do goods. work force direction and preparation and quality confidence. While set uping a leather industry in Kanpur India or even a little unit. an enterpriser is required to pay attending to assorted evidences like size. location and layout as they shape the efficiency of production. Such factors should sooner be considered by the enterpriser at the undertaking planning phase. and they must be cautious about them at the undertaking execution phase. A leather industry is normally comprised of four sectors ; the foremost and primary sector being the tanning and coating sector ( Singh. 2002 ) . This stage in the production procedure possesses a batch of importance because the leather industry involves both little and heavy industries. so its size varies and depends upon the handiness and handiness of a big natural stuff base. Country’s farm animal like American bisons and caprine animals provide basic natural stuffs for this industry. Some factors determine the size of the industry like land. edifice. etc. Size of land should be adequate to take attention of present and future demands like storage of natural stuff and finished goods. Kanpur in Utter Pradesh is a metropolis which enjoys abundant handiness of natural stuff and it is really easy to set up a leather production unit at that place because it besides has basic substructure for this concern ( Bhargava. n. d. ) . As proper location of an endeavor is important for its success. so Kanpur is the topographic point where a fresh enterpriser can set up his leather concern easy. because handiness of natural stuff and cheap skilled labour is non a large trade as it has a professionally developed leather market. The first issue of operations direction is the designing of a system. This begins with merchandise development. It should get down with the appraisal of client demands and bit by bit turn into merchandise design. The competency and setup that will bring forth a merchandise. every bit good as the information system needed to detect and command public presentation. are portion of this design procedure. Equally far as the leather industry or unit is concerned. one factor is rather interesting and promoting that this concern in developing states like India is non as hard or complicated in footings of competency and equipment needed. For illustration. a fledgling can originate a little bungalow leather industry with sensible investing and can acquire a cheap skilled labour force. Kanpur is the largest Centre of American bison based leather in India. Its tannery industry ( tanning is the procedure of continuing teguments of animate beings to bring forth leather ) began during the British regulation and the industry has continued to turn since so. Most of the tanneries are little. so it is rather executable for an enterpriser to originate a leather-oriented concern in this part. Leather production system design in the specific part is dependent upon the bing resource base. During recent old ages. most of the leather industries have shifted from industrialized to developing states. Reasons can be frequent handiness of natural stuff. inexpensive labour cost and flexible environmental ordinances. As environmental ordinances are stricter in the industrialized developed universe. set uping leather concern in a state like India can be helpful for an endeavor so that opportunities of alterations in its layout would be minimum.

Health, Safety, and Nutrition Worksheets for Kids

Health, Safety, and Nutrition Worksheets for Kids Nutrition, health, and safety are important topics to discuss with your children. Youll naturally discuss many facts about these subjects as you go about your daily life. However, spending some time focusing specifically on each can help children understand why their eating habits, hygiene, and exercise are vital to their overall well-being.   Additionally, talking about safety topics with your children helps to ensure that they know what to do in the event of an emergency or natural disaster.   Worksheets and coloring pages can make discussing these topics more engaging and easier to understand for young children. Use some of these free printable collections to guide or enhance your study of nutrition, health, and safety. Nutrition Worksheets Proper nutrition is an important part of a  healthy lifestyle. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), people should consume foods from the fruit, vegetable, grains, protein, and dairy groups every day for optimal health. The USDA suggests eating a variety of foods and limiting those with added sugar, sodium, and higher levels of saturated fats.   They may not be a students favorite topic, but fun printable worksheets about vegetables, which introduce children to a wide variety of veggies, can make learning better eating habits a bit more fun. So can following the USDAs recommendation to vary the way you eat vegetables. They suggest trying them raw, cooked, fresh, frozen, or canned. Roasting veggies in the oven or on the grill is a tasty treat, too! Dental Health Worksheets According to the American Dental Association (ADA), cavities remain the most prevalent chronic disease of childhood. Because they are so common, cavities may not seem like a big deal, but oral health is an important part of overall physical health. Poor oral health can increase a persons risk for health problems such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory infections, and certain types of cancer.   Use a fun set of  dental health  printables  to introduce your children to the basics of good oral hygiene. Some of the simplest ways to ensure good oral health include brushing your teeth at least twice a day, flossing, eating a healthy diet, and visiting your dentist regularly.   Physical Education Worksheets Physical Education  is vital to a students understanding of the benefits of an active lifestyle. A good PE program will teach kids about health, physical fitness, and the importance of regular physical activity. One option for teaching PE is an  online physical education  course. Other options may include combining a personal health course with individual or team athletics to ensure that students remain active.   Individual sports may include golf, gymnastics, skateboarding, or swimming. Other sports such as tennis, badminton, and volleyball can also be played with only one or two players on each team. Kids may also enjoy getting active with team sports such as baseball, softball, basketball, or hockey. Safety Worksheets It can be frightening to think about emergencies and natural disasters, but knowing what to do in the event of such a situation can save lives. According to the American Red Cross, children under the age of five are twice as likely as other people to die in a house fire. It is important to teach children fire precautions as well as what to do in the event of a fire. Combine  fire prevention worksheets  that  introduce  terms such as fire drill and escape route with other tools to teach children potentially life-saving fire safety tips. These tips should include stop, drop, and roll if a childs clothing catches on fire and where to go in the event of a fire. Have an escape plan in place and practice it at least twice a year.   Teach your children what your homes fire alarms sound like, how to call 911, and the importance of going to fire fighters and getting and staying out of the house if there is a fire. Its also important to teach your children what to do in the event of a natural disaster based on what is most likely in your area of the country. Your children may need to know what to do in the event of a hurricane, tornado, or earthquake. For example, you might use a free set of  earthquake worksheets  to learn more about where earthquakes typically happen, what causes them and what safety steps to take if an earthquake strikes. Updated by Kris Bales

RELIGION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Should Iran be allowed to freely carry on with its nuclear programme - Essay Example generally adopting a belligerent stance on this issue, and the US using IAEA as a tool to pressure Iran, it is contended that Iran should be allowed to carry on its peaceful nuclear program without the interference of the international community. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), to which Iran is also a signatory, recognizes the inherent right of the signatories to â€Å"develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination† [emphasis added] in Article IV(1). Therefore, it can be said that not only is Iran within its rights to develop a peaceful nuclear program, but the US and the other international community, by their opposition to Iran’s nuclear program, are in direct violation of the NPT, specifically Article IV(2). Iran has admitted to enriching uranium at their nuclear research centers. It is worth noting that enriched uranium can be used for the production of both energy and nuclear weapons. Admitting that it is not possible to determine the exact use this enriched uranium will be put to, it is contended that Iran’s stated stance of developing a peaceful nuclear program should be taken at its face value, as, so far, there has been no concrete evidence given to contradict it. Nuclear energy would benefit Iran a great deal; it is a renewable source of energy, as opposed to oil and gas, both non-renewable energy resources. If Iran is allowed to carry out its nuclear energy production, it will, thus, save its oil and gas reserves for other more useful purposes (polymer and plastic production, for instance). Moreover, the negative impact of burning oil and gas on the environment and, by extension, human health, calls for looking into alternative sources of energy, one of which is nuclear energy. Though nuclear reactors also have problems, for instance, accidents that might occur therein and the storage and protection of nuclear waste, however, these are considered to be manageable. Lastly, the

Intended meaning in words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intended meaning in words - Essay Example For the fact, efforts to guard against words, to set up barriers, to act defensively, are destined to failure. Even if acceptance of racial words by their target groups has some negative components, it is eventually the only practical option available to them because it is the only option that fights back rather than just trying to resist. The claim that approval of racial words by their targets is becoming popular, at least in the sense it is frequently used, is far from the truth. Modifying the connotations of these words to include, as Gloria Naylor puts it, "a disembodied force that channeled their past history of struggle and present survival against the odds into a victorious statement of being† (Naylor 408) this is not satisfaction with defeat. Naylor’s family gives both positive and negative meanings to the word "nigger." The group toward whom they are least respectful, whether they are using the word or not are not blacks or whites in general but rather blacks with "a lack of self-respect.†Use of "nigger" to describe this group does not identify the speaker with that condition it rather, separates him or her from it. In other contexts this word carries other meanings, but this particular context proves that it need not relate to the same group with every use. Words as Naylor mentions are nothing more than "a nonsensical arrangement of sounds or letters that assigns meaning." (Naylor 406) Even if words can carry connotations of discrimination there is no subconscious accepted meaning of the word there is only an intended meaning and a method for passing on that meaning to a particular audience. Christine Leong adds on this with

Conway Inn & Restaurant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conway Inn & Restaurant - Research Paper Example We removed the franchise tag in the late 1980s because the customer flow was excellent, and there was no need to pay the franchise fee; therefore, we made it into an independent hotel. Conway Inn and Hotel has been a Better Business Bureaus (BBB) accredited enterprise since mid-2010. The BBB came to the determination that Conway Inn and Hotel complied with its accreditations standards. These include the organization’s commitment to resolving all complaints of the consumer in good faith. Nestled in Panhandle, Texas, the Conway Inn and Hotel is a traditional establishment that seeks to be successful in today’s business environment. It has a living room style eating area, a traditional pub area, as well as comfortable fireside sofas. The establishment also has an outdoor area for guests when the weather is permissive. In the hotel and inn areas, there are blackboard areas that offer daily seasonal specials, classic pub favorites as well as some of the establishment’ s own quirky dishes. The bar area has a great wine list while also serving a selection of ales, all available by the glass and the bottle. In the past few years, the customer flow has slowed, and we can see that trend by looking at the registration logs, which we keep for our records to show us the rate of drop. By offering amenities such as refrigerators in the rooms, a free Wi-Fi connection, and cab services for tipsy guests, the organization has always been popular with locals and a preferred hotel for those traveling through the town. However, Conway Inn & Restaurant began to suffer a downturn in the customer flow in 2010, and this decline has been a major area of concern ever since. The organization used to have diverse visitors of various races, but of late, a trend towards senior citizens has been seen, which has reduced the customer flow drastically. This concern has caused the organization to cut back on some of its services such as the discounted cab services. The reduced customer flow has also led to staff layoffs, although this has not been on a large scale. With the decrease in the customer flow, Conway Inn & Restaurant has been forced to cut back on its discounted cab service as discussed. While Conway Inn & Restaurant has always tried to offer the best possible services to its customers, this has become more difficult with the decrease in the customer flow. At the present time, the management is even considering scaling back on its room service as well as subletting some of its rooms. This decision is because Conway Inn & Restaurant has been trying to cut back on costs given the reduced revenue stream. The loss of the discounted cab service altogether would be a big loss given that it has been a major selling point for the organization, especially for the inn customers. I work as a manager with Conway Inn & Restaurant, where I started in 2009. It is under my watch as a manager that the customer flow has decreased, and for this reason, I feel it is up to me to find the underlying cause of the issue and come up with workable solutions. The long time employees at Conway Inn & Restaurant often remember with nostalgia the days when customers would turn back to the inn as well as the fully booked hotel rooms in summer. Last summer, we only had half occupancy, which shows the problem is stark. The recent state of the customer flow has given the employees reasons to worry, as there are constant rumors of layoffs. Problem Statement Conway Inn & Rest

Transportation Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transportation Management - Assignment Example public consciousness is one of the most vital elements, which is associated with any particular domain including the society, the business and the lives of individuals among others (Sharma, 1992). From the above depiction, it is apparent that any kind of resources are quite vital for the long-term existence of the human beings. Contextually, this particular paper will evaluate the potential of reducing fuel cost by using trucking equipment that is more efficient and socially conscious by proposing at least five processes or rules. It is believed that with the rising prices of the resources such as petrol and other fuels, there has developed a need to emerge with alternative options in order to deal with the challenges of fuel inadequacy in the future context. However, individuals also hold perceptions that emerging with methods that ensure fuel efficient operations of vehicles might also be a potential measure for dealing with the decreasing level of fuel resources in the contemporary scenario. Contextually, certain procedures or policies will be evaluated with regard to the use of fuel in trucks further ensuring reduction of the cost of fuels through using efficient and socially cognizant equipment. There are various processes that can be determined with regard to reducing the fuel consumption of vehicles which are highlighted and explained in a detailed manner hereunder. The first step that can be adopted in this regard will be proper use and maintenance of the equipment used in the vehicles which will include tires, engines and other parts of vehicles. The type of tires that is being used in the vehicle is directly interlinked with the fuel efficacy of the vehicles. It is known that heavy trucks or any other vehicles consume more fuel in comparison with small light-duty vehicles. This is because of the difference in tire rolling fuel consumption amid the two sorts of vehicles. It is known that the light duty passenger vehicles use low rolling resistance